Abductor digiti minimi of foot

Medial and lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, intermuscular

septa

Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th toe

Lateral plantar nerve (S2 and S3)

Abducts and flexes 5th toe

Abductor digiti minimi of hand

Pisiform, pisohamate ligament, flexor retinaculum

Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of little finger

Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8 and T1)

Abducts 5th toe

Abductor hallucis

Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum, plantar aponeurosis

Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st toe

Medial plantar nerve (S2 and S3)

Abducts and flexes 1st toe (great toe, hallux)

Abductor pollicis brevis

Flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium

Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb

Recurrent branch of median nerve (C8 and T1)

Abducts thumb and helps oppose it

Abductor pollicis longus

Posterior surfaces of ulna, radius, interosseous membrane

Base of 1st metacarpal

Posterior interosseous nerve (C7 and C8), continuation of deep branch of radial nerve

Abducts longus of thumb and extends it at carpometacarpal joint

Adductor brevis

Body and inferior ramus of pubis

Pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera of femur

Obturator nerve (L2–L4), branch of anterior division

Adducts thigh and to some extent flexes it

Adductor hallucis

Oblique head: bases of metatarsals 2–4

Transverse head: plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal

joints

Tendons of both heads attach to lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of great toe

Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2 and S3)

Adducts great toe; assists in maintaining transverse arch of foot

Adductor longus

Body of pubic bone inferior to pubic crest

Middle third of linea aspera of femur

Obturator nerve, branch of anterior division (L2–L4)

Adducts thigh

Adductor magnus

Proximal part: inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium

Ischial tuberosity

Proximal part: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line

Adductor tubercle of femur

Proximal part: obturator nerve (L2–L4), branches of posterior division

Tibial part of sciatic nerve (L4)

Adducts thigh

Proximal part: flexes thigh

Extends thigh

Adductor minimus

Inferior pubic ramus

Medial lip, uppermost linea aspera of femur

Obturator nerve (L2–L4)

Adducts and rotates thigh laterally

Adductor pollicis

Oblique head: bases of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals, capitate, adjacent carpals

Transverse head: anterior surface of body of 3rd metacarpal

Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb

Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8 and T1)

Adducts thumb toward middle digit

Anconeus

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Lateral surface of olecranon and superior part of posterior surface of ulna

Radial nerve (C7, C8, and T1)

Assists triceps in extending forearm; stabilizes elbow joint; abducts ulna during pronation

Articularis cubiti

Distal portion of posterior aspect of shaft of humerus

Posterior fibrous capsule of elbow joint

Radial nerve (C7, C8)

Retracts posterior joint capsule during extension of elbow

Articularis genus

Distal portion of anterior aspect of shaft of femur

Synovial membrane of suprapatellar bursa of knee joint

Femoral nerve (L2–L4)

Retracts synovial membrane during extension of knee

Arytenoid, transverse and oblique

Posterolateral border of 1 arytenoid cartilage

Posterolateral border of opposite arytenoid cartilage

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus [CN X])

Closes intercartilaginous portion of rima glottidis

Auricularis, anterior, posterior, and superior

Epicranial aponeurosis and mastoid part of temporal bone

Auricle (external ear)

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Protraction, retraction, elevation of auricle on side of head

Biceps brachii

Short head: tip of coracoid process of scapula

Long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Tuberosity of radius and fascia of forearm by bicipital aponeurosis

Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6)

Supinates forearm and, when supine, flexes forearm

Biceps femoris

Long head: ischial tuberosity

Short head: linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur

Lateral side of head of fibula; tendon split at this site by fibular collateral ligament of knee

Long head: tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, and S2)

Short head: common fibular (peroneal) division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, and S2)

Flexes leg and rotates it laterally when knee is flexed; extends thigh (e.g., when starting to walk)

Brachialis

Distal two thirds of anterior surface of humerus

Coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna

Musculocutaneous nerve (C5 and C6)

Flexes forearm in all positions

Brachioradialis

Proximal two thirds of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

Lateral surface of distal end of radius

Radial nerve (C5–C7)

Flexes forearm

Buccinator

Mandible, pterygomandibular raphe, and alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible

Angle of mouth

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Presses cheek against molar teeth, thereby aiding chewing; expels air from oral cavity, as when a wind instrument is played; draws mouth to one side when acting unilaterally

Bulbospongiosus

Male: median raphe, ventral surface of bulb of penis, and perineal body

Female: perineal body

Male: corpora spongiosum and cavernosa and fascia of bulb of penis

Female: fascia of corpora cavernosa

Deep branch of perineal nerve, a branch of pudendal nerve (S2, S3, and S4)

Works with external anal sphincter to support/fix perineal body

Male: compresses bulb of penis to expel last drops of urine or semen; assists erection by pushing blood into body of penis and compressing outflow veins

Female: “sphincter” of vagina; assists in erection of clitoris

Ciliary

Scleral spur

Meridional, radial, and circular fibers intrinsic to ciliary body

Parasympathetic fibers of oculomotor nerve and ciliary ganglion

Relieve tension on lens of eye, allowing it to become more convex for near vision

Coccygeus (ischiococcygeus)

Ischial spine

Inferior end of sacrum

Branches of S4 and S5 nerves

Forms small part of pelvic diaphragm that supports pelvic viscera; flexes coccyx

Coracobrachialis

Tip of coracoid process of scapula humerus

Middle third of medial surface of (C5–C7)

Musculocutaneous nerve

Helps to flex and adduct arm

Corrugator supercilii

Medial end of superciliary arch of frontal bone

Skin above middle of eyebrow

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Draws eyebrow medially and inferiorly, producing vertical wrinkles above nose

Cremaster

Internal oblique muscle and inguinal ligament

Spermatic cord and tunica vaginalis

Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve (L1–L2)

Elevation of testis

Cricopharyngeus

Posterolateral cricoid cartilage on one side

Posterolateral cricoid cartilage of other side

Vagus (CN X)

Serves as upper esophageal sphincter

Cricothyroid

Anterolateral part of cricoid cartilage

Inferior margin and inferior horn of thyroid cartilage

External laryngeal nerve

Stretches and tenses vocal fold

Deep transverse perineal muscle

Internal surface of ischiopubic ramus and ischial tuberosity

Median raphe, perineal body, and external anal sphincter

Deep branch of perineal nerve, a branch of pudendal nerve (S2, S3, and S4)

Support and fix perineal body (pelvic floor) to support abdominopelvic viscera and resist increased intraabdominal pressure

Deltoid

Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Axillary nerve (C5, C6)

Anterior part: flexes and medially rotates arm

Middle part: abducts arm

Posterior part: extends and laterally rotates arm

Depressor labii inferioris/anguli oris

Anterolateral aspect of body of mandible

Lower lip/angle of mouth

Marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve (CN VII)

Depresses and/or everts lower lip; pulls angle of mouth and modiolus inferiorly

Depressor septi nasi

Incisor fossa of maxilla

Mobile part of nasal septum

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Helps to dilate nostril during deep inspiration and depresses nasal septum

Diaphragm

Xiphoid process, inferior 6 costal cartilages and adjoining ribs, arcuate ligaments, anterior longitudinal ligaments and bodies and discs of lumbar vertebrae 1–3

Central tendon of diaphragm

Phrenic nerve (C3–C5)

Diaphragm descends, decreasing intrathoracic pressure and thus resulting in inhalation and assisting return of venous blood to heart

Digastric

Anterior belly: digastric fossa of mandible

Posterior belly: mastoid notch of temporal bone

Intermediate tendon to body and greater horn of hyoid bone

Anterior belly: mylohyoid nerve, a branch of inferior alveolar nerve

Posterior belly: facial nerve (CN VII)

Depresses mandible; raises hyoid bone and steadies it during swallowing and speaking

Dorsal interossei (4 muscles) of foot

Adjacent sides of metatarsals 1–5

1st: medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd toe

2nd–4th: lateral sides of 2nd–4th toes

Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Abduct toes (2–4) and flex metatarsophalangeal joints

Dorsal interossei 1–4 of hand

Adjacent sides of 2 metacarpals (bipennate muscles)

Extensor expansions and bases of proximal phalanges of digits 2–4

Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Abduct digits from axial line and act with lumbricals to flex metacarpophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints

Erector spinae

Arises by a broad tendon from posterior part of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, sacral and inferior lumbar unispinous

processes, and supraspinous ligament

Iliocostalis—lumborum, thoracis, cervicis: fibers run superiorly to angles of lower ribs and cervical transverse processes Longissimus—thoracis, cervicis, capitis: fibers run superiorly to ribs between tubercles and angles, to transverse processes in thoracic and cervical regions, and to mastoid process of temporal bone Spinalis—thoracis, cervicis, capitis fibers run superiorly to spinous processes in upper thoracic region and to skull

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

Acting bilaterally, extend vertebral column and head; as back is flexed, control movement by gradually lengthening fibers; acting unilaterally, laterally bend vertebral column

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Base of 3rd metacarpal bone

Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, C8)

Extend and abduct hand at wrist joint

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

Base of 2nd metacarpal bone

Radial nerve (C6, C7)

Extend and abduct hand at wrist joint

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna

Base of 5th metacarpal bone

Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8), continuation of deep branch of radial nerve

Extends and adducts hand at wrist joint

Extensor digiti minimi

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Extensor expansion of 5th digit

Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8), continuation of deep branch of radial nerve

Extends 5th digit at metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

Extensor digitorum

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Extensor expansions of medial 4 digits

Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8), continuation of deep branch of radial nerve

Extends medial 4 digits at metacarpophalangeal joints; extends hand at wrist joint

Extensor digitorum

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Extensor expansions of medial 4 digits

Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8), continuation of deep branch of radial nerve

Extends medial 4 digits at metacarpophalangeal joints; extends hand at wrist joint

Extensor digitorum brevis

Anteriormost portions of lateral and superior surfaces of calcaneus

Lateral side of long extensor tendons, with slips to proximal phalanges of 2nd–4th toes

Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve (L5, S1)

Assists in extending middle 3 toes

Extensor digitorum longus

Lateral condyle of tibia and superior three fourths of medial surface of fibula and interosseous membrane

Middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits

Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve (L5, S1)

Extends lateral 4 digits and dorsiflexes ankle

Extensor hallucis brevis

Anteriormost portion of superior surface of calcaneus

Dorsal aspect of base of proximal phalanx of great toe (hallux)

Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve (L5, S1)

Extends great toe

Extensor hallucis longus

Middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane

Dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe (hallux)

Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve (L5, S1)

Extends great toe and dorsiflexes ankle

Extensor indicis

Posterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane

Extensor expansion of 2nd digit

Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8), continuation of deep branch of radial nerve

Extends 2nd digit and helps to extend wrist

Extensor pollicis brevis

Posterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane

Base of proximal phalanx of thumb

Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8), continuation of deep branch of radial nerve

Extends proximal phalanx of thumb at carpometacarpal joint

Extensor pollicis longus

Posterior surface of middle third of ulna and interosseous membrane

Base of distal phalanx of thumb

Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8), continuation of deep branch of radial nerve

Extends distal phalanx of thumb at metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

External anal sphincter

Skin and fascia surrounding anus and coccyx via anococcygeal ligament

Perineal body

Inferior anal nerve

Closes anal canal; works with bulbospongiosus to support and fix perineal body

External intercostal

Inferior border of ribs, from tubercle to costochondral junction

Superior border of ribs below

Intercostal nerves

Elevate ribs (when upper ribs are fixed by scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles)

External oblique

External surfaces of 5th–12th ribs

Linea alba, pubic tubercle, anterior half of iliac crest

Thoracoabdominal nerves (inferior 6 thoracic nerves) and subcostal nerve

Compress and support abdominal viscera; flex and rotate trunk

External urethral sphincter

Internal surface of ischiopubic ramus and ischial tuberosity

Surrounds urethra; in males, also ascends anterior aspect of prostate; in females, some fibers also enclose vagina (urethrovaginal sphincter)

Deep branch of perineal, nerve a branch of pudendal nerve (S2–S4)

Compresses urethra to maintain urinary continence; in females, urethrovaginal sphincter portion also compresses vagina

Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

Inferior two thirds of lateral surface of fibula

Dorsal surface of tuberosity on on lateral side of base of 5th metatarsal

Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve (L5, S1, S2)

Everts foot and weakly plantarflexes ankle

Fibularis (peroneus) longus

Head and superior two thirds of lateral surface of fibula

Base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform

Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve (L5, S1, S2)

Everts foot and weakly plantarflexes ankle

Fibularis (peroneus) tertius

Inferior third of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane

Dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal

Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve (L5, S1)

Dorsiflexes ankle and aids in eversion of foot

Flexor carpi radialis

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Base of 2nd metacarpal bone

Median nerve (C6, C7)

Flexes and abducts hand (at wrist) radially

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Humeral head: medial epicondyle of humerus

Ulnar head: olecranon and posterior border of ulna

Pisiform bone, hook of hamate bone, and 5th metacarpal bone

Ulnar nerve (C7, C8)

Flexes and adducts hand (at wrist) ulnarly

Flexor digiti minimi brevis of foot

Base of 5th metatarsal

Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit

Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit, thereby assisting with its flexion

Flexor digiti minimi brevis of hand

Hook of hamate and flexor flexor retinaculum

Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of little finger

Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit

Flexor digitorum brevis

Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, intermuscular septa

Both sides of middle phalanges of lateral 4 digits

Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Flexes lateral 4 digits

Flexor digitorum longus

Medial part of posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line and by a broad tendon to fibula

Bases of distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits

Tibial nerve (S2, S3)

Flexes lateral 4 digits and plantarflexes ankle; supports longitudinal arch of foot

Flexor digitorum profundus

Proximal three fourths of medial and anterior surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane

Bases of distal phalanges of medial 4 digits

Medial part: ulnar nerve (C8, T1).

Lateral part: median nerve (C8, T1)

Flexes distal phalanges at distal interphalangeal joints of medial 4 digits; assists with flexion of hand

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Humeroulnar head: medial epicondyle of humerus, ulnar collateral ligament, and coronoid process of ulna Radial head: superior half of anterior border of radius

Bodies of middle phalanges of medial 4 digits

Median nerve (C7, C8, T1)

Flexes middle phalanges at proximal interphalangeal joints of medial 4 digits; acting more strongly, also flexes proximal phalanges at metacarpophalangeal joints and hand at wrist

Flexor hallucis brevis

Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiforms

Both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit

Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit

Flexor hallucis longus

Inferior two thirds of posterior surface of fibula and inferior part of interosseous membrane

Base of distal phalanx of great toe (hallux)

Tibial nerve (S2, S3)

Flexes great toe at both joints and weakly plantarflexes ankle; supports medial longitudinal arches of foot

Flexor pollicis brevis

Flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium

Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb

Recurrent branch of median nerve (C8, T1)

Flexes thumb

Flexor pollicis longus

Anterior surface of radius and adjacent interosseous membrane

Base of distal phalanx of thumb

Anterior interosseous nerve from median (C8, T1)

Flexes phalanges of 1st digit (thumb)

Gastrocnemius

Lateral head: lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur

Medial head: popliteal surface of femur superior to medial

condyle

Posterior surface of calcaneus by calcaneal tendon

Tibial nerve (S1, S2)

Plantarflexes ankle when knee is extended, raises heel during walking, flexes leg at knee joint

Gemelli, superior and inferior

Superior: ischial spine

Inferior: ischial tuberosity

Medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur

Superior gemellus: nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)

Inferior gemellus: nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)

Laterally rotate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh; keep femoral head steady in acetabulum

Genioglossus

Superior part of mental spine of mandible

Dorsum of tongue and body of hyoid bone

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Depresses tongue; posterior part pulls tongue anteriorly for protrusion

Geniohyoid

Inferior mental spine of mandible

Body of hyoid bone

C1 through hypoglossal nerve

Pulls hyoid bone anterosuperiorly; shortens floor of mouth; widens pharynx

Gluteus maximus

Ilium posterior to posterior gluteal line, dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament

Most fibers end in iliotibial tract that inserts into lateral condyle of tibia; some fibers insert on gluteal tuberosity of femur

Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)

Extends thigh (especially from flexed position) and assists in its lateral rotation; steadies thigh and assists in rising from sitting position

Gluteus medius

External surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines

Lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur

Superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)

Abducts and medially rotates thigh; keeps pelvis level when opposite leg is raised off ground

Gluteus minimus

External surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines

Anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur

Superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)

Abducts and medially rotates thigh; keeps pelvis level when opposite leg is raised off ground

Gracilis

Body and inferior ramus of pubis

Superior part of medial surface of tibia

Obturator nerve (L2, L3)

Adducts thigh; flexes leg, helps rotate it medially

Hyoglossus

Body and greater horn of hyoid bone

Side and inferior aspect of tongue

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Depresses and retracts tongue

Iliacus

Iliac crest, superior two thirds of iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, and anterior sacroiliac ligaments

Lesser trochanter of femur and shaft inferior to it, and to psoas major tendon

Femoral nerve (L2–L4)

Flexes thigh and stabilizes hip joint; acts with psoas major

Inferior constrictor of pharynx

Oblique line of thyroid cartilage and side of cricoid cartilage

Median raphe of pharynx

Cranial root of accessory nerve (CN XI) branches of external and recurrent laryngeal

nerves of vagus (CN X)

Constricts wall of pharynx during swallowing

Inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue

Root of tongue and body of hyoid bone

Apex of tongue

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Curls tip of tongue inferiorly and shortens tongue

Inferior oblique

Anterior part of floor of orbit

Sclera deep to lateral rectus muscle

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

Abducts, elevates, and laterally rotates eyeball

Inferior rectus

Common tendinous ring

Sclera just posterior to cornea

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

Depresses, adducts, and rotates eyeball medially

Infraspinatus

Infraspinous fossa of scapula

Middle facet on greater tubercle of humerus

Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)

Laterally rotates arm; helps to hold humeral head in glenoid cavity of scapula

Innermost intercostal

Inner surfaces of ribs, from angles to costochondral junction

Superior borders of ribs below

Intercostal nerves

Probably depress ribs

Internal intercostal

Inferior borders of ribs

Superior border of ribs below

Intercostal nerves

Depress ribs

Internal oblique

Thoracolumbar fascia, anterior two thirds of iliac crest, and lateral half of inguinal ligament

Inferior borders of 10th–12th ribs, linea alba, and pecten pubis through conjoint tendon

Thoracoabdominal (anterior rami of inferior 6 thoracic) and 1st lumbar nerves

Compresses and supports abdominal viscera; flexes and rotates trunk

Interspinales

Superior surfaces of spinous processes of cervical and lumbar vertebrae

Inferior surfaces of spinous processes of vertebrae superior to vertebrae of origin

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

Aid in extension and rotation of vertebral column

Intertransversarii

Transverse processes of cervical and lumbar vertebrae

Transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae

Posterior and anterior rami of spinal nerves

Aid in lateral bending of vertebral column; acting bilaterally, stabilize vertebral column

Ischiocavernosus

Internal surface of ischiopubic ramus and ischial tuberosity

Crus of penis or clitoris

Deep branch of perineal nerve, a branch of pudendal nerve (S2–S4)

Maintains erection of penis or clitoris by compressing outflow veins and pushing blood into body of penis or clitoris

Lateral cricoarytenoid

Arch of cricoid cartilage

Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus [CN X])

Adducts vocal fold (interligamentous portion)

Lateral pterygoid

Superior head: infratemporal surface and infratemporal crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone

Inferior head: lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate

Neck of mandible (pterygoid fovea); articular disc and capsule of temporomandibular joint

Mandibular nerve (CN V3) through lateral pterygoid nerve from anterior trunk, which enters its deep surface

Acting together, protrude mandible and depress chin; acting alone and alternately, produce side-to-side movements of mandible

Lateral rectus

Common tendinous ring

Sclera just posterior to cornea

Abducent nerve (CN VI)

Abducts eyeball

Latissimus dorsi

Spinous processes of inferior 6 thoracic vertebrae, thoraco - lumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inferior 3 or 4 ribs

Floor of intertubercular groove of humerus

Thoracodorsal nerve (C6–C8)

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus; raises body toward arms during climbing

Levator anguli oris

Canine fossa of maxilla

Orbicularis oris and skin at angle of mouth

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Raises angle of mouth, as in smiling

Levator ani (pubococcygeus, puborectalis, and iliococcygeus)

Body of pubis, tendinous arch of obturator fascia, and ischial spine

Perineal body, coccyx, anococcygeal ligament, walls of prostate or vagina, rectum, and anal canal

Nerve to levator ani (branches of S4) and inferior anal (rectal) nerve and coccygeal plexus

Helps support pelvic viscera and resists increases in intraabdominal pressure

Levatores costarum

Tips of transverse processes of C7 and T1–T11 vertebrae

Pass inferolaterally and insert on subjacent rib between its tubercle and angle

Posterior rami of C8–T11 spinal nerves

Elevate ribs, assisting inspiration; assist with lateral bending of vertebral column

Levator labii superioris

Frontal process of maxilla and infraorbital region

Skin of upper lip and alar cartilage of nose

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Elevates lip, dilates nostril, and raises angle of mouth

Levator palpebrae superioris

Lesser wing of sphenoid bone, superior and anterior to optic canal

Tarsal plate and skin of superior (upper) eyelid

Oculomotor nerve (CN III); deep layer (superior tarsal muscle) is supplied by sympathetic fibers

Elevates superior (upper) eyelid

Levator scapulae

Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1–C4 vertebrae

Superior part of medial border or scapula

Dorsal scapular (C5) and cervical (C3 and C4) nerves

Elevates scapula and tilts its glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula

Levator veli palatini

Cartilage of pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube and petrous part of temporal bone

Palatine aponeurosis

Cranial part of CN XI through pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve (CN X) through pharyngeal plexus

Elevates soft palate during swallowing and yawning

Longus capitis

Basilar part of occipital bone

Anterior tubercles of C3–C6 transverse processes

Anterior rami of C1–C3 spinal nerves

Flexes head

Longus colli

Anterior tubercle of C1 vertebra (atlas); bodies of C1–C3 and transverse processes of C3–C6 vertebrae

Bodies of C5–T3 vertebrae, transverse processes of C3–C5 vertebrae

Anterior rami of C2–C6 spinal nerves

Flexes neck with rotation (torsion) to opposite side if acting unilaterally

Lumbricals of foot

Tendons of flexor digitorum longus

Medial aspects of bases of proximal phalanges of lateral 4 toes

Medial 1: medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Lateral 3: lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Flex proximal phalanges and extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits

Lumbricals 1 and 2 of hand

Lateral 2 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus (unipennate muscles)

Lateral sides of extensor expansions of 2nd and 3rd digits

Median nerve (C8, T1)

Flex digits at metacarpophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints

Lumbricals 3 and 4 of hand

Medial 3 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus (bipennate muscles)

Lateral sides of extensor expansions of 4th and 5th digits

Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8 and T1)

Flex digits at

metacarpophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints

Masseter

Inferior border and medial surface of zygomatic arch

Lateral surface of ramus of mandible and its coronoid process

Mandibular nerve (CN V3) through masseteric nerve, which enters its deep surface

Elevates and protrudes mandible, thus closing jaws; deep fibers allow retrusion

Medial pterygoid

Deep head: medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate and pyramidal process of palatine bone

Superficial head: tuberosity of maxilla

Medial surface of ramus of mandible, inferior to mandibular foramen

Mandibular nerve (CN V3) through medial pterygoid nerve

Acting bilaterally, elevates mandible, closing jaws; assists in protruding mandible; acting alone assists in protruding same side of jaw; acting alternately, produces a grinding motion

Medial rectus

Common tendinous ring

Sclera just posterior to cornea

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

Adducts eyeball

Mentalis

Incisive fossa of mandible

Skin of chin

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Elevates and protrudes lower lip

Middle constrictor of pharynx

Stylohyoid ligament and superior (greater) and inferior (lesser) horns of hyoid bone

Median raphe of pharynx

Cranial root of accessory nerve (CN XI); branches of external and recurrent laryngeal nerves of vagus (CN X)

Constricts wall of pharynx during swallowing

Mylohyoid

Mylohyoid line of mandible

Raphe and body of hyoid bone

Mylohyoid nerve, a branch of inferior alveolar nerve of CN V3

Elevates hyoid bone, floor of mouth, and tongue during swallowing and speaking

Nasalis

Superior part of canine ridge of maxilla

Nasal cartilages

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Draws ala (side) of nose toward nasal septum

Obliquus capitis inferior

Spinous process of axis (C2 vertebra)

Transverse process of atlas (C1 vertebra)

Suboccipital nerve

Rotation of head at atlantoaxial joint

Obliquus capitis superior

Spinous process of atlas (C1 vertebra)

Lateral third of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone

Suboccipital nerve

Rotation of head at atlantoaxial joint

Obturator externus

Margins of obturator foramen and obturator membrane

Trochanteric fossa of femur

Obturator nerve (L3, L4)

Laterally rotates thigh; steadies head of femur in acetabulum

Obturator internus

Pelvic surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bones

Medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur

Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)

Laterally rotates extended thigh and abducts flexed thigh; steadies femoral head in acetabulum

Occipitofrontalis (occipital belly/frontal belly)

Lateral two thirds of superior nuchal line and mastoid temporal bone/epicranial aponeurosis

Epicranial aponeurosis/skin of forehead and eyebrows

Posterior branch/temporal branch of facial nerve (CN VII)

Retracts scalp/elevates eyebrows and skin of forehead

Omohyoid

Superior border of scapula near suprascapular notch

Inferior border of hyoid bone

C1–C3 by a branch of ansa cervicalis

Depresses, retracts, and steadies hyoid bone

Opponens digiti minimi

Hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum

Medial border of 5th metacarpal

Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Draws 5th metacarpal anteriorly and rotates it, bringing digit 5 into opposition with thumb

Opponens pollicis

Flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium

Lateral side of 1st metacarpal

Recurrent branch of median nerve (C8, T1)

Draws 1st metacarpal bone laterally to oppose thumb toward center of palm and rotates it medially

Orbicularis oculi

Medial orbital margin, medial palpebral ligament, and lacrimal bone

Skin around margin of orbit; tarsal plate

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Closes eyelids; palpebral part closes lids gently; orbital part gently closes lids tightly

Orbicularis oris

Some fibers arise near median plane of maxilla superiorly and mandible inferiorly; others arise from deep surface of skin

Mucous membrane of lips

Facial nerve (CN VII)

As sphincter of oral opening, compresses and protrudes lips (e.g., purses them during whistling and sucking)

Palatoglossus

Palatine aponeurosis

Side of tongue

Cranial part of accessory nerve (CN XI) through pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve (CN X) by way of pharyngeal plexus

Elevates posterior part of tongue and draws soft palate onto tongue

Palatopharyngeus

Hard palate and palatine aponeurosis

Lateral wall of pharynx

Cranial part of accessory nerve (CN XI) through pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve (CN X) by way of pharyngeal plexus

Tenses soft palate and pulls walls Tenses soft palate and pulls walls and medially during swallowing

Palmar interossei 1–3

Palmar surfaces of 2nd, 4th, and 5th metacarpals (unipennate muscles)

Extensor expansions of digits and bases of proximal phalanges of 2nd, 4th, and 5th digits

Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Adduct digits toward axial line and assist lumbricals in flexing metacarpophalangeal joints and extending interphalangeal joints

Palmaris brevis

Ulnar side of central portion of palmar aponeurosis

Skin of ulnar side of hand

Superficial ulnar nerve (T1)

Wrinkles skin on palmar side of hand

Palmaris longus

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Distal half of flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis

Median nerve (C7, C8)

Flexes hand (at wrist) and tightens palmar aponeurosis

Pectineus

Superior ramus of pubis

Pectineal line of femur, just inferior to lesser trochanter

Femoral nerve (L2, L3); may receive a branch from obturator nerve

Adducts and flexes thigh; assists with medial rotation of thigh

Pectoralis major

Clavicular head: anterior surface of medial half of clavicle.

Sternocostal head: anterior surface of sternum, superior 6 costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external oblique muscle

Lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus

Lateral and medial pectoral nerves; clavicular head (C5, C6), sternocostal head (C7, C8, T1)

Adducts and medially rotates humerus; draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly; acting alone: clavicular head flexes humerus and sternocosta lhead extends it

Pectoralis minor

3rd–5th ribs near their costal cartilages

Medial border and superior surface of coracoid process of scapula

Medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)

Stabilizes scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against thoracic wall

Piriformis

Anterior surface of sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament

Superior border of greater trochanter of femur

Branches of anterior rami of S1, S2

Laterally rotate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh; steady femoral head in acetabulum

Plantar interossei 1–3

Bases and medial sides of metatarsals 3rd–5th

Medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges of 3rd–5th digits

Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Adduct 2nd–4th digits and flex metatarsophalangeal joints

Plantaris

Inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur and oblique popliteal ligament

Posterior surface of calcaneus through calcaneal tendon

Tibial nerve (S1, S2)

Weakly assists gastrocnemius in plantarflexing ankle and flexing knee

Platysma

Superficial fascia of deltoid and pectoral regions

Mandible, skin of cheek, angle of of mouth, and orbicularis oris

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Depresses mandible and tenses skin of lower face and neck

Popliteus

Lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus

Posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line

Tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1)

Weakly flexes knee and unlocks it

Posterior cricoarytenoid

Posterior surface of lamina of cricoid cartilage

Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus [CN X])

Abducts vocal fold

Procerus

Aponeurosis covering bridge of nose

Skin of lower forehead between eyebrows

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Depresses medial end of eyebrow; produces transverse wrinkles over bridge of nose; produces look of concentration

Pronator quadratus

Distal fourth of anterior surface of ulna

Distal fourth of anterior surface of radius

Anterior interosseous nerve from median (C8, T1)

Pronates forearm; deep fibers bind radius and ulna together

Pronator teres

Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna

Middle of lateral surface of radius Median nerve (C6, C7)

Median nerve (C6, C7)

Pronates and flexes forearm (at elbow)

Psoas major

Sides of T12–L5 vertebrae and discs between them; transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae

Lesser trochanter of femur

Anterior rami of lumbar nerves(L1–L3)

Flexes and rotates thigh laterally at hip joint; when thigh is fixed, flexes lumbar vertebrae anteriorly and laterally

Psoas minor

Sides of T12–L1 vertebrae and intervertebral discs

Pectineal line, iliopectineal eminence via iliopectineal arch

Anterior rami of lumbar nerves (L1, L2)

Acts conjointly with psoas major to flex thigh at hip joint and stabilize this joint

Pyramidalis

Crest of pubis

Lower portion of linea alba

Subcostal nerve

Tenses linea alba

Quadratus femoris

Lateral border of ischial tuberosity

Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur and area inferior to it

Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)

Laterally rotates thigh; steadies femoral head in acetabulum

Quadratus lumborum

Medial half of inferior border of 12th rib and tips of lumbar transverse processes

Iliolumbar ligament and internal lip of iliac crest

Ventral branches of T12 and L1–L4 nerves

Extends and laterally flexes vertebral column; fixes 12th rib during inspiration

Quadratus plantae

Medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneus

Posterolateral margin of tendon of flexor digitorum longus

Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral 4 digits

Rectus abdominis

Pubic symphysis and pubic crest

Xiphoid process and 5th–7th costal cartilages

Thoracoabdominal nerves (anterior rami of inferior 6 thoracic nerves)

Flexes trunk (lumbar vertebrae) and compresses abdominal viscera (indirectly opposing diaphragm)

Rectus capitis anterior

Anterior surface of lateral mass of C1 vertebra (atlas)

Base of skull, just anterior to occipital condyle

Branches from loop between C1 and C2 spinal nerves

Flexes head at atlantooccipital joint

Rectus capitis lateralis

Transverse process of C1 vertebra (atlas)

Jugular process of occipital bone

Branches from loop between C1 and C2 spinal nerves

Flexes head and helps to stabilize it

Rectus capitis posterior major

Spinous process of C2 vertebra (axis)

Middle of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone

Suboccipital nerve

Extends head at atlantooccipital joint

Rectus capitis posterior minor

Dorsal tubercle of C1 vertebra (atlas)

Medial third of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone

Suboccipital nerve

Extends head at atlantooccipital joint

Rectus femoris

Anterior inferior iliac spine and ilium superior to acetabulum

Base of patella and by patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

Femoral nerve (L2–L4)

Extend leg at knee joint; rectus femoris also steadies hip joint and helps iliopsoas to flex thigh

Rhomboid minor and major

Minor: nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7 and T1 vertebrae

Major: spinous processes of T2–T5 vertebrae

Medial border of scapula from level of spine to inferior angle

Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

Retract scapula and rotate it to depress glenoid cavity; fix scapula to thoracic wall

Risorius

Platysma and fascia of masseter

Orbicularis oris, skin of corner of mouth, modiolus

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Retracts angle of mouth, lengthening rima oris

Salpingopharyngeus

Cartilaginous part of auditory tube

Blends with palatopharyngeus

Cranial root of accessory nerve through pharyngeal branch of vagus and pharyngeal plexus

Elevates (shortens and widens) pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking

Sartorius

Anterior superior iliac spine and superior part of notch inferior to it

Superior part of medial surface of tibia

Femoral nerve (L2, L3)

Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint; flexes leg at knee joint

Scalenus anterior

Transverse processes of C4–C6 vertebrae

1st rib

Cervical spine nerves (C4–C6)

Elevates 1st rib; flexes and rotates neck laterally

Scalenus medius

Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C4–C6 vertebrae

Superior surface of 1st rib, posterior groove for subclavian artery

Anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves

Flexes neck laterally; elevates 1st rib during forced inspiration

Scalenus posterior

Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C4–C6 vertebrae

External border of 2nd rib

Anterior rami of cervical nerves C7 and C8

Flexes neck laterally; elevates 2nd rib during forced inspiration

Semimembranosus

Ischial tuberosity

Posterior part of medial condyle of tibia; reflected attachment forms oblique popliteal ligament (to lateral femoral condyle)

Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)

Extends thigh; flexes leg and, when knee is flexed, rotates it medially; when hip is flexed and knee is extended, can raise trunk against gravity

Semitendinosus

Ischial tuberosity

Medial surface of superior part of tibia

Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)

Extends thigh; flexes leg and, when knee is flexed, rotates it medially; when hip is flexed and knee is extended, can raise trunk against gravity

Serratus anterior

External surfaces of lateral parts of 1st–8th ribs

Anterior surface of medial border of scapula

Long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7)

Protracts scapula and holds it against thoracic wall; rotates scapula

Serratus posterior inferior

Spinous processes of vertebrae

Inferior borders of 8th–12th ribs near their angles

Anterior rami of 9th–12th thoracic spinal nerves

Depresses ribs

Serratus posterior superior

Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7–T3 vertebrae

Superior borders of 2nd–4th ribs

2nd–5th intercostal nerves

Elevates ribs

Soleus

Posterior aspect of head of fibula, superior fourth of posterior surface of fibula, soleal line and medial border of tibia

Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

Tibial nerve (S1, S2)

Plantarflexes ankle independently of position of knee and steadies leg on foot

Splenius capitis et cervicis

Arises from inferior half of ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of C7–T3 of T4 vertebrae

Splenius capitis: fibers run superolaterally to mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral third of superior nuchal line of occipital bone

Splenius cervicis: posterior tubercles of transverse processes

of C1–C3 or C4 vertebrae

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

Acting alone, laterally bend and rotate head to side of active muscles; acting together, extend head and neck

Stapedius

Internal walls of pyramidal eminence of posterior wall of tympanic cavity

Neck of stapes

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Damps vibrations of stapes reflexively in response to loud noise

Sternocleidomastoid

Lateral surface of mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchal line

Sternal head: anterior surface of manubrium of sternum

Clavicular head: superior surface of medial third of clavicle

Spinal root of accessory nerve (CN XI) (motor) and C2 and C3 nerves (pain and proprioception)

Tilts head to one side, i.e., laterally; flexes neck and rotates it so face is turned superiorly toward opposite side; acting together, the right and left sternocleidomastoid muscles flex neck so chin is thrust forward

Sternohyoid

Manubrium of sternum and medial end of clavicle

Body of hyoid bone

C1–C3 by a branch of ansa cervicalis

Depresses hyoid bone after it has been elevated during swallowing

Sternothyroid

Posterior surface of manubrium of sternum

Oblique line of thyroid cartilage

C2 and C3 by a branch of ansa cervicalis

Depresses hyoid bone and larynx

Styloglossus

Styloid process and stylohyoid ligament

Side and inferior aspect of tongue

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Retracts tongue and draws it up to create a trough for swallowing

Stylohyoid

Styloid process of temporal bone

Body of hyoid bone

Cervical branch of facial nerve (CN VII)

Elevates and retracts hyoid bone, thereby elongating floor of mouth

Stylopharyngeus

Styloid process of temporal bone

Posterior and superior borders of thyroid cartilage with palatopharyngeus

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Elevates (shortens and widens) pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking

Subclavius

Junction of 1st rib and its costal cartilage

Inferior surface of middle third of clavicle

Nerve to subclavius (C5, C6)

Anchors and depresses clavicle

Subcostal

Internal surfaces of lower ribs near their angles

Superior borders of 2nd or 3rd ribs below

Intercostal nerves

Elevates ribs

Subscapularis

Subscapular fossa

Lesser tubercle of humerus

Upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5–C7)

Rotates arm medially and adducts it; helps to hold humeral head in glenoid cavity

Superficial transverse perineal muscle

Ramus of ischium

Perineal body

Deep branch of perineal nerve, a branch of pudendal nerve (S2–S4)

Supports and fixes perineal body (pelvic floor) to support abdominopelvic viscera and to resist increased intraabdominal pressure

Superior constrictor of pharynx

Pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, posterior end of mylohyoid line of mandible and side of tongue

Median raphe of pharynx and pharyngeal tubercle on basilar part of occipital bone

Cranial root of accessory nerve through pharyngeal branch of vagus and pharyngeal plexus

Constricts wall of pharynx during swallowing

Superior longitudinal muscle of tongue

Submucous fibrous layer and median fibrous septum

Margins of tongue and mucous membrane

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Curls tip and sides of tongue superiorly and shortens tongue

Superior oblique

Body of sphenoid bone

Its tendon passes through a fibrous ring or trochlea, changes its direction, and inserts into sclera deep to superiorrectus muscle

Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

Abducts, depresses, and rotates eyeball medially

Superior rectus

Common tendinous ring

Sclera just posterior to cornea

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

Elevates, adducts, and rotates

eyeball medially

Supinator

Lateral epicondyle of humerus, radial collateral and anular ligaments, supinator fossa, and crest of ulna

Lateral, posterior, and anterior surfaces of proximal third of radius

Deep branch of radial nerve (C5, C6)

Supinates forearm (i.e., rotates radius to turn palm anteriorly)

Supraspinatus

Supraspinous fossa of scapula

Superior facet on greater tubercle of humerus

Suprascapular nerve (C4–C6)

Initiates and assists deltoid in abduction of arm and acts with rotator cuff muscles

Temporalis

Floor of temporal fossa and deep surface of temporal fascia

Tip and medial surface of coronoid process and anterior border of ramus of mandible

Deep temporal branches of mandibular nerve (CN V3)

Elevates mandible, closing jaws; its posterior fibers retract mandible after protrusion (SEE ALSO masseter)

Tensor fascia latae

Anterior superior iliac spine and anterior part of iliac crest

Iliotibial tract that attaches to lateral condyle of tibia

Superior gluteal (L4, by L5)

Abducts, medially rotates, and flexes thigh; helps to keep knee extended; steadies trunk on thigh

Tensor tympani

Canal for tensor tympani of petrous part of temporal bone and cartilage of pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube

Handle of malleus

Branch of mandibular nerve (CN V3) by otic ganglion

Tenses tympanic membrane to damp excessive vibration caused by loud noise

Tensor veli palatini

Scaphoid fossa of medial pterygoid plate, spine of sphenoid bone, and cartilage of pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube

Palatine aponeurosis

Medial pterygoid nerve (a branch of mandibular nerve—CN V3) by otic ganglion

Tenses soft palate andopens mouth of auditory tube during swallowing and yawning

Teres major

Dorsal surface of inferior angle of scapula

Medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus

Lower subscapular nerve (C6, C7)

Adducts and medially rotates arm

Teres minor

Superior part of lateral border of scapula

Inferior facet on greater tubercle of humerus

Axillary nerve (C5, C6)

Laterally rotate arm; help to hold humeral head in glenoid cavity of scapula

Thyroarytenoid

Posterior surface of thyroid cartilage

Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Relaxes vocal fold

Thyrohyoid

Oblique line of thyroid cartilage

Inferior border of body and greater horn of hyoid bone

C1 by hypoglossal nerve

Depresses hyoid bone and elevates larynx

Tibialis anterior

Lateral condyle and superior half of lateral surface of tibia and interosseous membrane

Medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal

Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve (L4, L5)

Dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot

Tibialis posterior

Interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line, and posterior surface of fibula

Tuberosity of navicular, cuneiform,and cuboid and bases of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsals

Tibial nerve (L4, L5)

Plantarflexes ankle and inverts foot

Transverse muscle of tongue

Median fibrous septum

Fibrous tissue at margins of tongue

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Narrows and elongates tongue; acts simultaneously to protrude tongue

Transversospinalis

Transverse processes: Semispinalis arises from transverse

processes of C4–T12 vertebrae

Multifidus arises from sacrum and ilium, transverse processes of T1–T3, and articular processes of C4–C7 Rotatores arise from transverse processes of vertebrae; are most highly developed in thoracic region

Spinous processes: Semispinalis—thoracis, cervicis, and capitis: fibers run superomedially to occipital bone and spinous processes in thoracic and cervical regions, spanning 4–6 segments

Multifidus: fibers pass superomedially to spinous processes of vertebrae above, spanning 2–4 segments

Rotatores: pass superomedially to attach to junction of lamina and transverse process, or spinous process, of vertebra above their origin, spanning 1–2 segments

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

Extend head and thoracic and cervical regions of vertebral column and rotate them contralaterally; stabilize vertebrae during local movements of vertebral column; stabilize vertebrae and assist with local extension and rotary movements of vertebral column; may function as organs of proprioception

Transversus abdominis

Internal surfaces of 7th–12th costal cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and lateral third of inguinal ligament

Linea alba with aponeurosis of internal oblique, pubic crest, and pecten pubis through conjoint tendon

Intercostal nerves 7–12, iliohypogastric nerve, iliolingual nerve

Compresses and supports abdominal viscera

Transversus thoracis

Posterior surface of lower sternum

Internal surface of costal cartilages 2–6

Intercostal nerves

Depress ribs

Trapezius

Medial third of superior nuchal line; external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, and spinous processes of C7–T12 vertebrae

Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula

Spinal root of accessory nerve (CN XI) (motor) and cervical nerves (C3, C4) (pain and proprioception)

Elevates, retracts, and rotates scapula; superior fibers elevate, middle fibers retract, and inferior fibers depress scapula; superior and inferior fibers act together in superior rotation of scapula

Triceps brachii

Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Lateral head: posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove

Medial head: posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove

Proximal end of olecranon of ulna and fascia of forearm

Radial nerve (C6–C8)

Chief extensor of forearm at elbow; long head steadies head of abducted humerus

Uvula muscle

Posterior nasal spine and palatine aponeurosis

Mucosa of uvula

Cranial part of CN XI through pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus

Shortens uvula and pulls it superiorly

Vastus intermedius

Anterior and lateral surfaces of body of femur

Base of patella and by patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

Femoral nerve (L2–L4)

Extend leg at knee joint

Vastus lateralis

Greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera of femur

Base of patella and by patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

Femoral nerve (L2–L4)

Extend leg at knee joint

Vastus medialis

Intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera of femur

Base of patella and by patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

Femoral nerve (L2–L4)

Extend leg at knee joint

Vertical muscle of tongue

Superior surface of borders of tongue

Inferior surface of borders of tongue

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Flattens and broadens tongue; acts simultaneously to protrude tongue

Vocalis

Vocal process of arytenoid cartilage

Vocal ligaments

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus [CN X])

Relaxes posterior vocal ligament while maintaining (or increasing) tension of anterior part

Zygomaticus major and zygomaticus minor

Zygomatic bone anterior/posterior to temporozygomatic suture

Muscles at angle of mouth and orbicularis oris of upper lip

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Elevate and evert upper lip