cleistogamy

The fact that the stigmata were receptive and the opening of anthers occurred before the calyptra fall shows cleistogamy, a form of self-pollination reported in other species (MULLINS et al., 1992).

Various mitigation and containment strategies of transgene flow are suggested in the literature, such as male sterility (WEIDER et al., 2009), gene silencing via RNAi (LI et al., 2008), cleistogamy (YOSHIDA et al., 2007) and GURTs (HILLS et al., 2007; VAN ACKER et al., 2007; LOMBARDO, 2014).

In addition to having showy blossoms, certain species possess a trait known as cleistogamy, meaning they are capable of self-pollination by means of tiny, barely noticeable flowers that resemble unopened buds.

Furthermore, it is also noticeable the diversity of traits inherent in this genus, the species differing in longevity (therophytes to chamaephytes), flower colour (white, pink, yellow, orange) and size, flower biology (cleistogamy and chasmogamy) and breeding and mating systems (autogamy, xenogamy, self-compatibility, self-incompatibility) (Arrington & Kubitziky 2003, Rodriguez-Perez 2005).

The Mesoamerican subtribe Thyrsantheminae includes just 21 species, but contains nearly the full range of morphological and ecological diversity in the family: from fully open to tubular flowers, cleistogamy to chasmogamy, spreading stoloniferous plants to compact rosettes, and from habitats at sea level to 3,000 m in elevation.

Cleistogamy in Centaurea melitensis (Asteraceae): capitulum variability and spatio-temporal development patterns.

Preanthesis cleistogamy in the genus Podostemum (Podostemaceae).

"Cleistogamy in Tillandsia capillaris." Biotropica 17(3): 256-259.

Monomorphism reduced gene flow and cleistogamy in rara and common species of Lespedeza (Fabaceae).

Therefore, barley is considered as a self-pollinator with a high degree of cleistogamy (Giles et al., 1974; Brown et al., 1978: Chaudhary et al., 1980; Doll, 1987; Parzies et al., 2000).

The selection of cleistogamy and heteromorphic diaspores.