Common fungicides used in the tropical Africa are
chlorothalonil, which is usually applied before or upon disease development and metalaxyl, which inhibit or reduce disease progress once symptoms are apparent due to its ability to inhibit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) polymerases in fungi.
"Although
chlorothalonil will still be available this season, the industry needs to look at the potential of other multisites that have activity against septoria," added Mr Gosling.
We screened composite samples (0-10 cm) and found acetamiprid (insecticide (ins)), azoxystrobin (fungicide (fung)), clothianidin (ins), difenoconazol (fung), prochloraz (and three of its metabolites, fung), lambda-cyhalothrin (ins), chlorpyrifos (ins), cypermethrin (ins), chlorfenapyr (ins),
chlorothalonil (fung), fipronilsulfon (ins), metalaxyl (+ metabolites, fung) and finally glyphosate (herbicide) and its metabolite AMPA in the soils of the EC-A plots.
The European Standing Committee on Plants, Animals, Food and Feed (SCOPAFF) has recently voted to ban fungicide
chlorothalonil, a plant protection product used by a number of Scottish growers.
Control of marine borers by
chlorothalonil. US Patent 5,380,484.
Few of the examples of fungicides that are available in the market and are efficient are mancozeb,
chlorothalonil, metalaxyl, strobilurin and others.
Caption: FIGURE 1: Mycelial growth of Cylindrocladium candelabrum, after 7 days, under treatments with Cinnamomum zeylanicum crude extracts: EBH = Hexanic Crude Extract; EBAcoEt = Ethyl Acetate Crude Extract; EBM = Metanolic crude extract; Negative Control= only culture medium; Positive Control= Fungicide
Chlorothalonil.
There was also suggestive evidence for dose-response for increasing hypothyroidism risk for dicamba in the overall sample and for atrazine among those >62 y (p-trend [less than or equal to] 0.20), and decreasing hypothyroidism risk with 2,4,5-T among those [less than or equal to] 62 y and metolachlor and
chlorothalonil in the overall sample (p-trend [less than or equal to] 0.20).
For the current study, the scientists found that forager bees were drawn to the fungicide
chlorothalonil and the herbicide ingredient glyphosate, found in Monsanto's Roundup, at certain concentrations.
Erythema dyschromicum perstans has been reported in association with exposure to drugs (penicillin, benzodiazepines, ethambutol, fluoxetine, and omeprazole), radiographic contrast media (barium sulfate), parasitic infestations (whipworm), fungicide (
chlorothalonil), chemicals (ammonium nitrate), herbal consumption (Tokishakuyakusa), endocrinopathies (hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus), dyslipidemia, infections (human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C, and enterovirus), and cobalt allergy [16-20].
The active principles used in this study were captan (240g / 100L, 2L syrup per plant), cymoxanil (600g / ha, 1000L syrup / ha), dithianone (125g / 100L, 1000L syrup / ha), mancozeb (300g / 100L, 1200L syrup / ha), mancozeb + cymoxanil (3kg / ha, 1000L syrup / ha), procymidone (200g / 100L, 1000L syrup / ha), copper sulfate (700g / 100L syrup / ha), and methyl thiophanate +
chlorothalonil (200mL / 100L, 900L syrup / ha) to control downy mildew, difeconazole (12mL / 100L, 600L syrup / ha), tebuconazole (100mL / 100L, 900L syrup / ha), methyl thiophanate (70g / 100L, 800L of syrup / ha) to control powdery mildew and potassium phosphite 30% [P.sub.2][O.sub.5] and 20% [K.sub.2]O (190mL / 100L).
To prevent fungal diseases,
chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik[R], Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, Greensboro, North Carolina) at 1.75 L/ha, and copper hydroxide (Kocide[R] 3000, DuPont Crop Protection, Wilmington, Delaware) at 0.8 L/ha were applied weekly in the rotation.